Digital preservation of Malay manuscripts in the era of digital humanities: A literature-based review

Abstract

The preservation of Malay manuscripts, which embody centuries of cultural, religious, and historical knowledge, faces significant challenges due to material degradation, limited accessibility, and a shortage of expert conservators. This systematic literature review synthesises the opportunities that artificial intelligence (AI) offers for the digital preservation of these texts. Following PRISMA guidelines, we screened 1,242 records across five major databases and ultimately included 76 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2026. The review reveals that AI-driven techniques, particularly deep learning models for optical character recognition and image restoration, have shown substantial promise in transcribing and repairing damaged Jawi and Arabic scripts. Natural language processing tools facilitate the semantic analysis and indexing of religious and historical content, supporting Islamic knowledge management and scholarly research. AI also plays a growing role in revitalising intangible cultural heritage through interactive educational platforms that integrate local wisdom. However, the literature underscores critical ethical and governance considerations, including data sovereignty, algorithmic bias, and the need for community-centred approaches. We conclude that while AI presents transformative potential for the digitisation, restoration, and dissemination of Malay manuscripts, its successful adoption requires a strategic framework that balances technological innovation with cultural sensitivity and sustainable digital library practices.